蘑菇

蘑菇(mushroom)

某些会产生子实体的真菌，尤其是担子菌纲的真菌。蘑菇从菌丝体生出，其菌丝体可活数百年或数个月，全赖其营养供应而异。有些蘑菇的子实体会生长成弧形或环状，这种环称为仙人环（菌环）。「蘑菇」一般指可食者，不可食或有毒者常称为「蟾蜍凳」，但蘑菇和蟾蜍凳二词并无科学上的差异。蘑菇常以其菌盖的形状来分类。伞状的子实体和菌盖腹面可散出孢子菌褶，主要见於伞菌科真菌。牛肝菌科子实层在菌盖腹面呈管状，易与菌盖分离。伞菌和牛肝菌多数种都称为蘑菇。高级的食用菌鸡油菌属牛肝菌。羊肚菌（子囊菌纲）由於其形状和肉质构造均似伞菌，而归为蘑菇类。由於许多有毒蘑菇外形和可食者十分类似，所以在食用蘑菇之前，必须仔细予以监定。蘑菇中毒会引起反胃、腹泻、呕吐、痛性痉挛、幻觉、昏迷，有时甚至致死。

English version：

mushroom

Fleshy spore-bearing structure of certain fungi (see fungus), typically of the class Basidiomycetes. It arises from the mycelium, which may live hundreds of years or a few months, depending on its food supply. Some species grow cellular strands (hyphae) in all directions, forming a circular mat with a “fairy ring” of fruiting bodies around the outside. Popularly, “mushroom” refers to the edible sporophores, while “toadstool” refers to inedible or poisonous sporophores, but there is no scientific distinction between the two names. Mushrooms are classified by cap shape. Umbrella-shaped sporophores with spore-shedding gills on the undersurface are found chiefly in the agaric family (Agaricaceae). Mushrooms that bear spores in an easily detachable layer on the underside of the cap belong to the family Boletaceae. Together the agarics and boletes include most of the forms known as mushrooms. The highly prized edible chanterelle is a bolete. The morels (class Ascomycetes) are popularly included with the true mushrooms because of their shape and fleshy structure. Since some poisonous mushrooms closely resemble edible ones, mushrooms intended for eating must be accurately identified. Mushroom poisoning can cause nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, cramps, hallucinations, coma, and sometimes death.