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1724¡«1804Äê

Kant, Immanuel

German philosopher, the foremost thinker of the Enlightenment. Son of a saddler, he was born in K?nigsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia), studied at its university, and taught there from 1755 to 1797. His life was uneventful. Much of Kant's work was devoted to arguing that metaphysics, understood as knowledge of things supersensible, is an impossibility. Yet he held that metaphysics, understood as the study of the presuppositions of experience, could be put on ¡°the sure path of science¡±; it is also possible, and indeed necessary, to hold certain beliefs about God, freedom, and immortality. But however well founded these beliefs may be, they in no sense amount to knowledge: to know about the intelligible world is entirely beyond human capacity. Though the Ideas of God, freedom, and immortality are dismissed in his great Critique of Pure Reason (1781) as objects that humans can never know because they transcend human sense experience, he argued in The Critique of Practical Reason (1788) that they are essential postulates for the moral life. His Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) is among the most important and influential ethical treatises ever written. His last great work was The Critique of Judgment (1790). Kant was one of the greatest philosophers of all time; he synthesized new trends that had begun with the rationalism of Rene Descartes and the empiricism of Francis Bacon. His comprehensive and systematic work in epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics greatly influenced all subsequent philosophy, especially the various German schools of Kantianism and idealism. See also analytic-synthetic distinction, deontological ethics.